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ASSESSMENT OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN JIMETA ADAMAWA STATE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
The capacity of community participation to ensure effective and sustainable environmental sanitation has been well documented (Hueting, 1980; Blaikie and Brookfield, 1987; Narayan 1995; Fiorino, 2000; Chess, 2000; Prizzia, 2005; UNEP, 2005; Acheampong, 2010). In this regard, community participation is a process by which people are enabled to become actively and genuinely involved in defining the issues of concern to them; in making decision about factors that affect their lives; in formulating and implementing policies; in planning, developing and delivering services (Daramola, 2011).
On the other hand, environmental sanitation refers to efforts or activities aimed at developing and maintaining a clean, safe and pleasant physical environment in all human settlements towards the promotion of social, economic and physical well-being of all sections of the population (Acheampong, 2010). It comprises a number of complementary activities, including the construction and maintenance of sanitary infrastructure, the provision of
services, public education, community and individual action, regulation and legislation (Federal Ministry of Environment, 2005).
From the foregoing, the issues of environmental sanitation are not only technical or legislative, but more of socio-economic (Hueting, 1980; Blaikie and Brookfield, 1987). Thus, understanding such factors affecting the collective action is crucial to any efforts aimed at championing environmental sanitation. It is in conformity to this that UNEP (2005) recommended community participation in environmental sanitation by encouraging local participation in defining problems and solutions. The international body opined that community participation calls for people to collaborate with the government to accept equal responsibility in planning and management of their local environment.
Traditionally, residents’ interest in environmental sanitation is not new to the African society. African societies possess indigenous knowledge system which promote and facilitate effective and sustainable environmental sanitation and community health. For instance, there are proverbs and taboos with implications for environmental sanitation. There is an African proverb that ‘When the rooms and the courtyard are swept, the dirt is disposed of in the dump site’. This proverb means that the home and its surrounding should be swept often and the dirt disposed of in order to prevent dirty housing environment with emphasis on the traditional waste disposal method. In the same vein are taboos (prohibition against an item, person or type of behaviour) that are aimed at promoting environmental sanitation among the African people.
In Nigeria, an African country, experience of rapid urban population growth has been accompanied by unsanitary and unhealthy environmental conditions. The rate of access to basic environmental amenities is decreasing at an alarmingly rate and this poses severe urban environmental challenges. This has led to increased national consciousness on the need for judicious management of the Nigerian environment in a sustainable manner. The resort has notably been the monthly environmental sanitation exercise since 1984 during the military regime of Major General Mohammed Buhari. The last Saturday of the month between 7am to 10 am was mandated to be the period of the exercise. During the period, no commercial or social activity was allowed and all forms of movement (vehicular and even pedestrian beyond reasonable distance) were outlawed.
One important issue on the environmental sanitation exercise was that its effectiveness and sustainability were based on legislations and compliance monitoring both at the Federal and State levels. Other notable activities such as construction and maintenance of sanitary infrastructure, the provision of services, community and individual action and public education were of little or no priority. With the advent of the current democratic dispensation and renunciation of the military rule in 1999, the Federal Government of Nigeria rescinded the monthly environmental sanitation exercise on the basis that it is an offspring of military junta. However, the inability of the Federal Government to find a replacement to the decree on the monthly environmental sanitation exercise led to further unhealthy environmental condition. Thus, with no legislation coming forth from the Federal Government, some State Governments enacted laws to provide for weekly, monthly or bimonthly environmental sanitation exercise in their states, which their execution similar to that of the military decree.
1.2 Statement of the problem
A cursory look at the various provisions of the regulation, among other similar ones, and the mandatory environmental sanitation exercise shows that they favour punishment without any recourse to moral percussion in the implementation of the laws. Evidences of reliable systems with recourse to community participation in urban environmental sanitation are lacking. The two players, the Government and the community act in different directions. The Government is active and carry out its responsibilities only with the instrument of law;
the community is passive, subjected to compliance and operating only to evade the claws of the law. Invariably, the practice of environmental sanitation was tantamount to clapping with one hand.
1.3 Objectives of the study
1. To give an assessment of the impact of community participation in urban environmental management
2. To understand the relationship between proper community participation and the effectiveness of urban environmental management
1.4 Research questions
1. What is the impact of community participation in urban environmental management?
2. What is the relationship between proper community participation and the effectiveness of urban environmental management?
1.5 Research hypothesis
H0: There is no relationship between proper community participation and the effectiveness of urban environmental management
H1: There is a relationship between proper community participation and the effectiveness of urban environmental management
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