FEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN POVERTY ALLEVIATION, A SURVEY OF JOS METROPOLIS

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FEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN POVERTY ALLEVIATION, A SURVEY OF JOS METROPOLIS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL I

CERTIFICATION ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgement iv

Outline page v

Abstract 1

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study 2

1.2 Statement of the Research Problem 2

1.3 Research Questions 3

1.4 Objectives of the study 3

1.5 limitation of the Study 4

1.6 Statement of the Research Hypothesis 4

1.7 Definitions of Terms 4

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Theoretical Issues on SMEs 7

2.2Conceptual Review of the Study

2.3 Empirical Review 14

2.4 Concept of Poverty 16

2.5 Theoretical Framework 18

2.6 Previous Empirical Studies on the Relationship between SMEs and Poverty 19

Alleviation

2.7 Alleviating Poverty through Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises Micro, 20

2.8 Alleviating Poverty through Women Entrepreneurship 21

2.9 Women as Entrepreneur 22

2.10 Gap in knowledge 23

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Study Area 25

3.2 Research Design 25

3.3 Population Of The Study 25

3.4 sample size 26

3.5 Methods of Data Collection 26

3.6 Analytical Technique 27

3.7 Source Of Data 28

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

4.1 Socio-Economic Profile Of Respondent 29

4.1.1 Age Distribution Of The Respondent 29

4.1.2 Educational Qualification 29

4.2 Nature and Type of SMEs Businesses in Awka south Area in Jos Metropolis 29

4.2.1 Nature of Business 31

4.2.2 The size of Business 32

4.2.3 Ownership Structure

4.2.4 Year of operation 34

4.3 Assessment of Income and Employment generating capacity of SMEs 35

4.3.1 Income Generation 35

4.4 Impact of SMEs on Living Conditions of Owners 35

4.4.1 Income Level 36

4.4.2 Toilet Facility 36

4.4.3 Sources of Water 37

4.4.4 Sources of Energy for Cooking 37

4.4.5 Access to Medical Care 37

4.4.6 Sources of Electricity/Power Supply 38

4.4.7 Affordable and Adequate Meal per Day 38

4.4.8 SME’s increase employment 39

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMRARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary of the Findings. 42

5.2 Conclusion 42

5.3 Recommendations 43

REFERENCES 44

APPENDIX 48

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My special thanks goes to the Almighty GOD who made everything possible in his own time because his mercy is without bounds.

I would like to thank my main supervisor, Dr. Kevin Onwuka for been there to correct me anytime I made a mistake in the cause of this research work. His guidance through this few months I spent under his supervision is greatly appreciated. this work is better for his input and directions regarding the role of female entrepreneurs in poverty alleviation in rural communities: this case study of Awka South Local Government Area Of Jos Metropolis.

My special thanks goes to the Management of National Open University of Nigeria, especial the Vice Chancellor, Prof. Dr. Abdalla Uba Adamu for his word of wisdom and Director of Awka Study Center and entire Staff of Awka Study Centre.

My gratitude goes to several of my colleagues in my department who provided first hand critique of this Study,I am grateful to Eguonye Tonna Obidike among others that are not mentioned here.

I am sincerely grateful to the entire family of Mr and Mrs Nwolisa, especially my late Father whose advice and words of encouragement always guide me in all my endeavors.

Finally I wish to express appreciation to my mentor Prof. Godwin Onu, who has been the motivational force behind me I say thank you all for been with me throughout this critical period.

ABSTRACT

The study assessed the role of female entrepreneurs in poverty alleviation in rural communities of Jos metropolis of Jos Metropolis. It specifically analysed the socio-economic characteristics of women entrepreneurship and assessed the contribution of female-owned businesses to poverty alleviation in the study area. The main reason for this study was due to the fact that most studies on the relationship between businesses development and poverty alleviation have concentrated on aggregate effects of small businesses on poverty reduction with little attention on gender issue in rural areas. The study employed primary data. The target population was all the women-owned enterprises from eight communities in Jos metropolis in Jos Metropolis of Nigeria. Data were collected from primary source, using questionnaire on a sample of 205 female-0wned enterprises. Responses of the respondents were analysed using percentages and the chi-square tests were carried out to support the analysis. The study therefore concluded that female-owned microenterprises have played key role in poverty alleviation among the businesses’ owners in Awka Division through income generation and job creation.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Poverty is one of the main economic problems facing most countries in the world. There have been several strategies to tackle poverty in its various forms and dimensions. Of recent, there has been a shift from the capital intensive large-scale industrial policy to Small-scale policy as small scale industries viewed as a sector that creates substantial employment opportunities as they are relatively labour intensive. In the light of this, different levels of government in Nigeria have embraced the challenge of promoting small and medium enterprises since 1986 through the Small Scale Enterprises Programme (SSEP) as an engine for economic growth. There are many studies on the relationship between small businesses development and poverty rates and overall microeconomic performance on the basis of aggregate time series data. But most of the studies have neglected the individual traits of businesses and gender issue, and with less attention on rural areas. This study is gender sensitive as it investigates the roles of small businesses owned by women in rural areas in poverty alleviation.

1.2 Statement of the Research Problem

In view of the escalating level of poverty in developing countries constituting a serious problem to economic growth and welfare state of the citizenry, various policies were implemented which could not significantly impact on the level of poverty. The failure of various reforms and development programmes to impact on the level of welfare of the citizens in terms of poverty reduction particularly through employment generation, triggered the reappraisal of the role and importance of small and medium sized enterprises as a viable channel to attaining economic growth and development especially in terms of reducing the poverty level in the economy as was witnessed in the developmental progress and economic transformation of some developed countries. In most developing countries, attention has not been focussed on development of businesses owned by women due to the perception of their traditional role at home. In Nigeria, there are few studies on the actual contribution of the women-owned micro, small or medium enterprises (SMEs) to employment creation, income generation and wealth creation in rural areas, hence this study.

1.3 Research Questions

The study addressed the following questions.

(i) What are the characteristics of Female business owners in rural areas in Anambra . State, Nigeria.

(ii) Has the establishment of the female-owned enterprises alleviated poverty?

1.4 Objectives of the study

The broad objective of this study is to assess the role of small and medium businesses owned by women in reducing poverty in Jos metropolis in Jos Metropolis through job creation and income generation. The specific objectives are to:

Analyse the characteristics of female business owners in Anambra
Assess the extent to which the SMEs have reduced poverty among the female owners in Anambra.

1.5 limitation of the Study

Some factors may limit the level of accuracy and reliability of this study. Factors include:

i. difficulty in obtaining data

ii. Low response rate from individual parties.

In the absence of the above mentioned limitations, all other errors and omissions are entirely those of the researcher.

1.6 Statement of the Research Hypothesis

This study would be guided by the following hypothesis

Ho: Participation in SMEs by female does not improve the standard of living.

Hi: participation in SMEs by female improves the standard of living

1.7 Definitions of Terms

i. Entrepreneur :Someone who exercises initiative by organizing a venture to take benefit of an opportunity and, as the decision maker, decides what, how, and how much of a good or service will be produced.

ii. Entrepreneurship: this is the process of designing, launching and running a new business,i.e. a start-up company offering a product, process or service. It has been defined as a capacity and the willingness to develop, organize and manage a business venture along with any of its risks in order to make profit.

According to economist Joseph Alois Schumpeter (1883-1950), entrepreneurs are not necessarily motivated by profit but regard it as a standard for measuring achievement or success

iii Poverty: United Nations: Fundamentally, poverty is the inability of getting choices and opportunities, a violation of human dignity. It means lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in society. It means not having enough to feed and clothe a family, not having a school or clinic to go to, not having the land on which to grow one’s food or a job to earn one’s living, not having access to credit. It means insecurity, powerlessness and exclusion of individuals, households and communities. It means susceptibility to violence, and it often implies living in marginal or fragile environments, without access to clean water or sanitation.

iv.World Bank: Poverty is pronounced deprivation in well-being, and comprises many dimensions. It includes low incomes and the inability to acquire the basic goods and services necessary for survival with dignity. Poverty also encompasses low levels of health and education, poor access to clean water and sanitation, inadequate physical security, lack of voice, and insufficient capacity and opportunity to better one’s life.

v Small and medium-sized enterprises: these are business whose personnel numbers fall below certain limits. The abbreviation SMES is used in European Unions and by international organizations such as the World Bank, the United Nations and the World Trade Organization. Small enterprises outnumber large companies by a wide margin and also employe many more people. SMES are said to be responsible for driving innovation and competition in many economic sectors

Alleviation: Reduction of or freedom from suffering and pains.

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