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PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF THE LEAVES OF LANDOLPHIA OWERIENCES
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The medicines, food, fibre, shelters and other items that are used by humans are mainly supplied by plants (Hemingway, 2004). The plant parts that are used are leaves, stem, roots, flowers, fruits and seeds. Plants serve as important constituents of human diet supplying the body with carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, mineral salts, lipids and water. Edible fruits contain various nutritive substances among which the most important are minerals, organic constituents, vitamin C and growth substances, etc. (Malaiesse, 1997; Loura et al., 2000). Seeds have nutritive and calorific values which make them necessary in diets (Odoememlam, 2005).The plant part commonly eaten is the seeds which are either cooked or eaten raw. Some nuts, grains and seeds such as pumpkin seeds, cashew nuts, almonds, buckwheat, coconut, flax seed, millet, oats, peanuts, rye, sunflower seeds and amaranth have high calorific values and are also rich in protein, dietary fiber and minerals – manly potassium and phosphorus (Decupere, 2011).The fruits and seeds contribute to the enhancement of nutrition, a better family income and the economy of the country (Lamien et al., 1996). Moreover, seeds and fruits are good sources of vitamins and minerals. The importance of vitamins and minerals cannot be overemphasized. Vitamins and minerals make peoples bodies work properly. Although you get vitamins and minerals from the foods you eat every day, some foods have more vitamins and minerals than others (Kidshealth, 2011).
Landolphia Owariensis P. Beauv. Is a shrub in the savanna or a huge liane of secondary deciduous and dense forests, attaining 100m long by over 1m girth, occurring from Guinea to West Cameroons and extending across central Africa to Suda, Uganda and South Tanganyika. Landolphia owariensis is known to have history of use for soothing injured mucous membranes in the digestive tract. It serves not only as lubricant but equally more important as a protective barrier between the mucosal surface and the luminal contents (Owoyele et al., 2001). The antiulcer properties and the use of Landolphia owariensis exrtracts for the treatment of ulcerogenesis and gastric mucosal injury is linked to the reported presence of flavonoidal compounds in Landolphia owariensis (Owoyele et al., 2001). The extract from the stem bark of Landolphia owariensis has been found to posses the ability to destroy parasitic worms from the body (Lewis and Lewis, 1977). The crude extract of Landolphia owariensis leaf has been found to exhibit very high anti-inflammatory activity. This activity may be linked with the presence of polyphonolic compounds in the extract of Landolphia owariensis (Owoyele et al., 2001). Liver function tests revealed that the serum activities of alanine aminotransferrase (ALT), aspertate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphate (ALP) as well as the concentration of total protein and albumin were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by the oral administration of the extract. This result suggests that Landolphia owariensis leaf extract is not hepatotoxic (Nwogu et al., 2008). Study has shown that the aqueous methanol and chloroform extracts of Landolphia owariensis leaf have moderate analgesic activity and reduce sensitivity to pain (Owoyele et al., 2001). Ebi and Ofoefule (1997) have validated the folkloric use of Landolphia owariensis as an antimicrobial agent. Its leaves, stem and roots are of great value in the indigenous treatment of various ailments.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The decoction of leaves is used as a purgative and to cure malaria, root is soaked in local gin for about a week and the extract is given two full wine glasses a day to cure gonorrhea (Gill, 1992). The latex is drunk or used in French Equatorial Africa is an enema for intestinal worms and in parts of Ivory Coast, the latex forms an ingredient arrow poison (Owoyele et al., 2001). The leaf extracts have also been used for treating ulcer, inflammation and pains. The leaves are boiled in some parts for application to sprains (Owoyele et al., 2001). In Congo, the sap expressed from the leaves is dripped into the eyes and used to wash patient’s face in a treatment for giddiness (Owoyele et al., 2001). The sap is also rubbed with massage into scarifications over areas of oedema and rheumatism (Owoyele et al., 2001). The study aimed at investigating the proximate, nutritive and dietary fibre composition of Landolphia owariensis seed for the purpose of determining its nutritional status.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
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