ASSESSMENT OF USAID MARKETS II SOYBEAN PRODUCTION PROJECT IN BENUE STATE, NIGERIA

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ASSESSMENT OF USAID MARKETS II SOYBEAN PRODUCTION PROJECT IN BENUE STATE, NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

The study focused on the assessment of USAID MARKETS II soybean production project in Benue State, Nigeria. The population for the study included all project participant soybean farmers of USAID MARKETS II project. Multistage, purposive, proportionate and random sampling techniques were employed in selecting the respondents for the study. All the eight Local Government Areas (LGAs) participating in the project were used for the study. Two soybean farmers associations (S.F.A.) that participated in the project were randomly selected from each LGA giving a total of sixteen (16) SFAs.  Proportionate sampling was used in selecting the respondents from each soybean farmers association (30% of the members of each soybean farmers association was selected to obtain a total of 150 respondents) that was used for the study.   Interview schedule was used for data collection. Percentage, frequency, mean score and standard deviation were used to present some of the data while multiple regression and factor analysis were also used to analyze the data. The results of the study revealed that USAID MARKETS II soybean project farmers in Benue State were mainly males who were middle aged with long years of farming experience and large household size. Majority (68.0%) of them acquired land through inheritance. The majority (84.7%) of the farmers participating in USAID MARKET 11 project purchased agro inputs in open market at high price against the original plan of the project. Similarly, the majority (76.7%) of project farmers sold their farm produce in open markets contrary to the price setting and buy back arrangement between USAID MARKETS II and Hule Nig LTD initiated by the project. All the participants grew improved varieties of soybeans but had less access to extension services. Consequently, the farmers had low farm output, yield and income. Project participants had both positive and negative perceptions about the project. The results of the study also revealed that all the respondents adopted technologies such as TGX1448-2E variety of soybean and crop rotation (total adoption score= 750 and mean adoption score=5.00 each). Number of extension contact (t = 3.309; p = 0.001) and membership of farmers’ organizations/ cooperatives (t = -2.048; p = 0.042) were factors influencing adoption of the technologies significantly. The study also revealed that farming experience (t = 2.115; p = 0.36), number of bags of fertilizer applied (t=4.246; p= 0.000) and soybean farm size (t=4.843; p=0.00) significantly influenced soybean output. The study also showed that five out of the eleven variables regressed significantly influenced soybean yield of the farmers. These variables were farming experience (t = 2.162; p = 0.32), number of years spent in acquiring formal education (t=1.99; p= 0.04), quantity of fertilizer applied (t=3.136; p=0.002), soybean farm size (t= -2.931; p=0.004) and number of extension contacts t=2.522; p=0.013). Economic, institutional and linkage constraints were extracted as constraints hindering the success of the project. The study therefore recommended among others active participation of government especially at grass root level in good agricultural projects of this nature initiated and sponsored by internal or external body by way of providing logistic support and frequent monitoring and evaluation of the project. This will help to overcome lapses, boost interest and capabilities of farmers/ participants in the project and ensure success of the project.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page                                                                                                                                i

Approval Page                                                                                                                        ii

Certification                                                                                                                            iii

Dedication                                                                                                                              iv

Acknowledgements                                                                                                                v

Table of Contents                                                                                                                   vi

List of Table                                                                                                                            ix

List of Figures                                                                                                                         x

Abstract                                                                                                                                   xi

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION                                                                                              1

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY                                                                                               1

1.2 Statement of the problem                                                                                                  5

1.3. Purpose of the study                                                                                                        6

1.4. Significance of the study                                                                       

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW                                                                   8

2.1. The concept of perception                                                                                               8

2.2. Review of some agricultural technology / programmes in Nigeria                                 10

2.2.1. Agricultural policies and programmes in the colonial era.                                           10

2.2.2. Agricultural policies and programmes in the post- colonial era.                                  11

2.3. USAID MARKETS II in Nigeria                                                                                    15

2.3.1. USAID MARKETS II soybeans production technologies in Benue State                  16

2.3.2. Kinds of soybean production technologies introduced in Benue State by USAID      MARKETS II project                                                                                                 17

2.4. Agronomic practices of soybeans in Nigeria                                                                   20

2.4.1. Conditions necessary for soybean production                                                              20

2.5. Production trend of soybean in Nigeria                                                                           21

2.6. Factors influencing adoption of agricultural technologies in Nigeria                             22

2.6.1. Technology factors                                                                                                       23

2.6.2. Economic factors                                                                                                          24

2.6.3. Institutional factors                                                                                                       26

2.6.4. Household-specific factors                                                                                           29

2.7. Factors affecting agricultural productivity in Nigeria                                                            31

2.8. Some problems of agricultural programmes/ policies in Nigeria                                    33

2.8.1. Top-down approach in project design and implementation                                         33

2.8.1. Bureaucratic bottlenecks                                                                                             33

2.8. 2. Lack of continuity of agricultural development programmes                                      34

2.8.3. Non interaction between and among stakeholders                                                       34

2.8.4. Weak agricultural policy                                                                                               35

2.9.   Some strategies for enhancing agricultural programmes/ technologies in Nigeria       35

2.10. Approaches to measurement of adoption of innovation in agriculture                          36

11. Adoption theories 37

2.12. Conceptual framework                                                                                                  42

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

3.1. Study area                                                                                                                                    45

3.2. Population and sampling procedure                                                                                46

3.3. Instrument for data collection                                                                                          47

3.4. Measurement of variables                                                                                                48

3.5. Data analysis                                                                                                                    53

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Socio- economic characteristics of the respondents                                                        54

4.3. Agricultural Characteristics of the respondents                                                              60

4.4. Farmers perception of USAID MARKET II soybean production project                       64

4.5. Adoption of soybean production technologies of USAID MARKET II project by the   farmers                                                                                                                            70

4.4. Factors influencing adoption of USAID MARKETS II soybean production

technologies                                                                                                                     80

4.5. Factors influencing output of farmers participating in USAID MARKETSII

project.                                                                                                                             82

4.6. Factors influencing yield of farmers participating in USAID MARKETS II

Project                                                                                                                              85

4.7. Constraints inhibiting the success of USAID MARKETS II soybean production

Project                                                                                                                              88

4.8. Suggested strategies to ensure success of USAID MARKETS II soybean production

project                                                                                                                              102

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary                                                                                                                         106

5.2. Conclusion                                                                                                                        111

5.3. Recommendations                                                                                                           112

References                                                                                                                        114

Appendix: Interview schedule for project participants                                                    126

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