PHARMACO-ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT OF MALARIA

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PHARMACO-ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT OF MALARIA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Malaria is a potentially life-threatening infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. Plasmodium falciparum causes the most severe disease. The parasites are vectored by Anopheles mosquitoes and trigger symptoms when they multiply in human red blood cells (erythrocytes).

Malaria is characteristically an acute febrile illness. The symptoms of uncomplicated malaria are nonspecific and include fever, chills, headache, and vomiting. If not treated within 24 hours, malaria can progress to severe illness and can be fatal. In children, severe malaria can include symptoms such as severe anemia, respiratory distress in response to metabolic acidosis, or convulsions and coma in cases of cerebral malaria. Long-term neurological abnormalities such as ataxia, palsy, speech impairment, deafness, and blindness may persist after cerebral malaria, especially in children.

Interventions to prevent malaria include vector control methods (mainly the use of insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying), chemoprevention, and potentially vaccination. Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACT) are recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria caused by P. falciparum, and have been shown to reduce malaria mortality by 97% to 99% in children aged <5 years.

Despite the increase of prevention and control methods, malaria is still a major public health burden in sub-Saharan Africa, being in the top three causes of childhood death. In 2015, there were an estimated 191 million cases of malaria and 394,000 malaria deaths in the WHO Africa region. The malaria burden is concentrated in young children. In 2015, there were an estimated 292,000 malaria deaths in children aged <5 years in the WHO Africa region, accounting for 74% of malaria deaths.

Malaria is therefore associated with a high economic and social burden. Malaria costs may be substantial in relation to household income in sub-Saharan Africa, especially in poorer socioeconomic groups.1 After taking into account factors such as initial poverty, economic policy, and tropical location, the rate of economic growth per capita in countries with malaria was estimated to be 1.3% per year slower between 1965 and 1990, compared with countries without malaria.2 The long-term effect of this lower growth rate is an income per capita, in a country with intensive malaria, that is only around one third of that in a country without intensive malaria.2

The objective of this study is to conduct a systematic review of information available from the peer-reviewed literature on health system costs, health care resource use, and household costs for the management of malaria episodes in children aged <5 years in sub-Saharan Africa. It should help identify information that can be applied to improve understanding of the economic burden of malaria to health systems and households, and to help assess the potential economic impact of malaria prevention.

Statement of the problem

There may have been previous researches in this subject. This work gives further explanations and analysis in pharmaco-economic management of malaria

Objectives of the study
To understand the impact of pharmaco-economic management of malaria on public health.
To understand the relationship between pharmaco-economic management of malaria and public health development.

Research questions
What is the impact of pharmaco-economic management of malaria on public health.
What is the relationship between pharmaco-economic management of malaria and public health development.