IMPACT OF HOUSEHOLD WASTE ON NEKEDE DUMPSITE

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IMPACT OF HOUSEHOLD WASTE ON NEKEDE DUMPSITE

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Poor environmental management creates havoc on the water supply, hygiene and exacerbating public health, various researches have emphasized on the importance of air, surface and groundwater globally as a source for human consumption and changes in their quality with subsequent contamination can, undoubtedly, affect human health.

Heavy metals such as Fe, Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn are essential in living organisms because of their structural and functional roles in various physiological processes [6]. Essential heavy metals are required in trace quantities by organisms and if their concentration exceeds the threshold level they become toxic [7] especially at higher levels, [8],[9]. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that more than 20% of the world population (around 1.3 billion people) have no safe drinking water and that more than 40% of all populations lack adequate sanitation.

Household wastes are solid waste comprising of garbage and rubbish (such as bottles, cans, clothing, plastics, disposables, food packaging,cooked food scraps, newspapers and magazines, and yard trimmings) that originates from private homes or apartments. Household wastes lead to air, and water poluution, the effects of water pollution are said to be the leading cause of death for humans across the globe, moreover, water pollution affects our oceans, lakes, rivers, and drinking water, making it a widespread and global concern]. Many studies have detected elevated levels of both organic and inorganic pollutants and heavy metals in surface and underground water and water in the vicinity of solid waste landfills.

The problems posed by improper and ineffective management of Municipal Solid wastes (MSWs) has become an issue of global concern over the past decades. The magnitude of waste stream has acquired some abrupt dimensions (Schwarz-Herion, 2008; Amuda et al., 2014), with corresponding ineffective and inadequate management strategies (Angaye et al., 2015a), including insufficient funding on the part of Government (Doan, 1998; Hossain et al., 2014). The incidence of poor waste handling that has infringed on vital environmental components; including but not limited to soil, water and to air quality. Also, the magnitude of commercialization, industrialization and population expansion of most cities all over the world has also had its attendant adverse effects on the environment (Abur et al., 2014).

In Nigeria, statistical data as reported in literature by Ayuba et al. (2013) showed that municipal waste density ranges from 280 – 370 kg/m3, while the rate of daily waste generation is about 0.44 – 0.66 kg/capital/day (Ogwueleka, 2009), with an annual generation of 25 million tons. Furthermore, as documented in literature, Nigerian urban population has witnessed a remarkable abrupt growth due to rural-urban migration (Adejobi and Olorunnimbe, 2012), largely necessitated by yearning of the populace to keep abreast or understand contemporary technological applications. Unfortunately, high population density is implicated in poor handling of large waste streams generated, due to inadequate waste facilities and consequently results to environmental pollution. In most developing countries, anthropogenic activities associated with the precarious disposal of MSWs poses more grave consequences to the ecosystem, besides being threat to public health (Adamu et al.2014).

The quality of very sensitive environmental media (air quality, soil and water), and keystone resource are largely infringed upon by MSWs. For instance, toxic or contaminable leachates from MSWs dumpsites could be transformed physically, chemically or biologically (Al Sabahi et al., 2009), and transported via the air, or through runoffs which can contaminate either the soil, surface or/and groundwater (Christensen et al., 1998; Kola-Olusanya, 2012). Also, toxic fumes and greenhouse gases are also being produced by precarious or uncontrolled in-situ burning (Okeke, 2014), which could have acute or chronic health and environmental consequences (Jalil, 2010; Adekunle et al., 2011; Ayuba et al., 2013).

According to Onwughara et al. (2010), the management strategies of MSWs varies per country but not limited to landfill system, incineration and recycling. They also reported that; underdeveloped nations use landfill system, while developed nations like; the United States Japan and Australia use mostly use the recycling method. Although in Nigeria waste recycling has been encouraged by all stakeholders, but unfortunately it is yet to attain full recognition due to slow implementation and insufficient funding. As such the commonest method of disposal in Nigeria still remains open dump and landfill system and insitu incineration (Momodu et al.2011), which are very prone to environmental pollution.

The importance of living in a clean environment cannot be over-emphasized. Once an environment is free of indecent waste, its impact is usually seen in all aspects of life of individuals having contact with that environment. The need for effective management of solid waste is an issue that has required public health attention in various parts of the globe. It is of utmost importance to ensure that solid waste products are properly managed in order to prevent the occurrence of attendant problems associated with poor waste management including water contamination, air contamination, increased prevalence of vector-borne diseases, infection spread etc. Improper waste management methods have been shown to contribute to the decrease in the quality of health of a population as a result of environmental health nuisances that have arisen as a result of these poor waste management methods (Oyebode, 2013; Igbinomwanhia et al., 2014; Awajiogak, 2013). These waste products broadly called Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), includes effluents arising from agricultural, industrial, construction, mining and exploration or commercial activities which could be gaseous, solid, semi-solid or liquid in nature; garbage disposed at household waste dumps, abandoned non-functional cars/equipments and all other materials which are regarded as no longer useful. These waste products are however at certain times are not properly disposed or managed which in turn leads to the occurrence of environmental of environmental and public health challenges (Onwughara et al., 2010; Schübeler et al., 1996; Karija et al., 2013). Municipal solid waste management however remains a major environmental health challenge in Nigeria which has been attributed to indiscriminate roadside household waste disposal, open dumping of waste products, a massive unplanned urbanization trend and growth of the population, absence of actionable guidelines as regards household waste dumping and household waste dumpsites, inadequacy in funding, laxity in the practice of effective waste management as well as absence of organized waste management systems etc (Igbinomwanhia et al., 2014; Abah and Ohimain, 2010; Agwu, 2012). An assessment of the urban waste problem in Nigeria has revealed that Nigerian cities were among the dirtiest cities in the world and that over 80% of Nigerians use waste disposal methods that are not in line with World Health Organization standards (Federal Ministry of Environment, 2002). It is noteworthy to state that the government of Nigeria on its own part has played significant roles in ensuring that this menace is curbed through the enactment of regulations and legislations that ensure the practice of adequate waste management. This is however not enough on its own as the populace must also be educated on how best they can adhere to these laws as non-adherence not just only leads to facing penalties from environmental health agencies but can also lead to deterioration in health as well as deaths. This is an issue that must be addressed round the clock despite the many challenges being faced by the relevant waste management authorities. Environmental health education should be put into play, strict adherence and enforcement of environmental health laws and regulations, provision of adequate waste disposal methods for the populace, timely and proper waste management by relevant authorities, recycling of waste materials etc are some ways by which the prevailing occurrence of poor waste management can be tackled and thus providing a more healthy environment for labour and productivity (Onwughara et al., 2010; Karija et al., 2013; Owoeye and Okojie, 2013; Kafando et al., 2013). Seeing that effective and proper waste management practice is a problem that impacts on the health of individuals in Nigeria, it was necessary to carry this study to assess the waste disposal practices in Nekede metropolis of Neighbourhood around nekede dumpsite as it provided a framework for evaluation of waste management efforts and provided areas that needed further attention in order to ensure achievement of effective waste disposal and management in Neighbourhood around nekede dumpsite.The management of solid waste, perhaps, stands as the most visible environmental problem facing the capital and communities of Neighbourhood around nekede dumpsite. The problem is growing daily as a result of increasing urbanization. The solid waste problem is visible in most parts of the communities within the Nekede metropolis, on the roads, within the neighbourhoods and around residential buildings. The environment of man lies at the mercy of both natural disaster and negligence on the part of man in the course of controlling the gifts of nature. The later takes the form of dumping solid waste in an uncompromising pattern, that can cause; desert encroachment, erosion, depletion of ozone layer, depletion of natural resources, pollution of land, rivers, the air and generally the environment (Aguwanba,1998). According to Egunlobi (2004), in the early times (pre- colonial days) up till 1970s, the disposal of household waste and other waste did not pose any significant problem. The population was small and enough land was available for assimilation of waste. Solid waste problem started with urban growth, resulted partly from nationalincrease in population and more importantly from immigration. Ndakara (2011) also states that the quantity of such waste depends mainly on location, activity and number of people in the household. However, it was not until the mid- 19th century, spurred by increasingly devastating cholera outbreaks and the emergence of a public health debate that the first legislation on the issue emerged. Thus the social reformer, Sir, Edwin Chadwick’s 1842 report on “The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population, became influential in securing the passage of the first legislation of waste clearance and disposal, in which he argues for the importance of adequate waste removal and management facilities to improve the health and wellbeing of the city’s population. (Barbalace, 2003). Early garbage removal trucks were simply open bodied dump trucks pulled by a team of horses. They became motorized in the early part of the 20th century and the first closed body trucks to eliminate odours with a dumping lever mechanism were introduced in the 1920s in Britain. These were soon equipped with “hopper mechanisms” where the scooper was loaded at floor level and then hoisted mechanically to deposit the waste in the truck. The Garwood Load Packer was the first truck in 1938, to incorporate a hydraulic compactor (Herbert, 2007). Mba (2003), noted that no town in Nigeria especially the urban and semi- urban centres of high population density can boast of having found a lasting solution to the problem of filth and huge piles of solid waste, rather the problem continues to assume monstrous dimensions. To urban and city dwellers, public hygiene starts and ends within their immediate surrounding and indeed the city would, take care of itself. The situation has so deteriorated that today the problem of solid waste management has become one of the nation’s most serious environmental problem (Okpala, 2002). Ineffective waste management could rubbish all the resources and efforts put in beautifying the environment. Every year, the government of Nigeria, Neighbourhood around nekede dumpsite inclusive spends billions of naira to roll back malaria, without focusing on some environmental factors such as poor waste management that makes malaria to thrive. Blocked drains provide stagnant water which facilitates the breeding of mosquitoes and other sickness causing germs (Ogadimma, 2011).

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The problem of ineffective and inadequate Waste management is a major problem to our society and the world at large, this is because improper waste management has led to the outspread of various diseases and health and environmental hazard.

Generation of toxic air and water pollutants, along with mountains of solid andhazardous wastes, which is becoming an overwhelming problem in NekedeMetropolis.

Strong possibility of a situation where failure to decide where to put waste or how todispose them safely will lead to the close down of some industries and result in wastebeing spread everywhere

The health effects of pollution, toxic waste and other environmental ills of modernsociety becomes a greater threat to man than diseases.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The main objective of this study is to examine the effectiveness of waste management as a panacea to disease prevention and healthy environment in Neighbourhood around nekede dumpsite. Specifically it seeks to:

Examine the effectiveness of waste management in Neighbourhood around nekede dumpsite.

Examine how proper waste management can prevent disease and sustain healthy environment.

To ascertain how effectively managed waste disposal in Neighbourhood around nekede dumpsite

To evaluate the consequences of improper waste management in Neighbourhood around nekede dumpsite.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION

The following questions shall be answered in the course of this essay.

What are the implications of an improper waste disposal system?

What is the present state of waste disposal in Neighbourhood around nekede dumpsite?

What are the modern technologies involved in waste management and their long term benefits?

What method can be used to effectively managed waste in Neighbourhood around nekede dumpsite?

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study covers the effect of household wasted disposal on human health in Neighbourhood around nekede dumpsite.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Waste and wastes are unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any substance which is discarded after primary use, or it is worthless, defective and of no use. Examples include municipal solid waste (household trash/household waste), hazardous waste, wastewater (such as sewage, which contains bodily wastes (feces and urine) and surface runoff), radioactive waste, and others. human health

WASTE MANAGEMENT: The collection, transportation, and disposal of garbage, sewage, and other waste products. Waste management encompasses management of all processes and resources for proper handling of waste materials, from maintenance of waste transport trucks and dumping facilities to compliance with health codes and environmental regulations.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: This is the combination of all actions taken to reduce the impact of human activities on theenvironment; such actions are specifically geared towards sustainable development.Sustainable development can be describes as a form of development that is able to meet theneeds of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations tomeet their own needs. human health

ENVIRONMENT: The word “environment” is of French origin “environner”, meaning to encircle or surround.(Webster, 2015) defined the environment as the conditions that surround someone or something: the conditions and influences that affect the growth, health, progress, etc., of someone or something.These are the very things we depend upon on a daily basis e.g. water, food, market, industries,air, plants, and animals etc, the environment is a complexly interwoven system of ecology where a simple or drastic change in one aspect can emphatically or continually affect other aspects. human health

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