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HEAVY METAL AND METALLOID POLLUTION OF SOIL, WATER AND FOODS IN NIGERIA: A CRITICAL REVIEW
Abstract: Nigeria is a densely populated developing country. Both industrialization and geological sources have caused widespread heavy metal and metalloid pollution in Nigeria, which is now posing substantial threats to the local people. In this review, we carried out one of the most exhaustive literature analyses on the current status of Nigeria heavy metal and metalloid pollution, covering water, soil, and foods. Analysis showed that soils near high traffic and industrial areas contain high concentrations of heavy metals and metalloids. Agricultural land and vegetables in sewage-irrigated areas were also found to be heavy metal- and metalloid-contaminated. River water, sediment, and fish from the rivers are highly contaminated with cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and chromium (Cr). Particularly, groundwater arsenic (As) pollution associated with high geological background levels in Nigeria is well reported and is hitherto the largest mass poisoning in the world. Overall, the contamination levels of heavy metals and metalloids vary among the cities, with industrial areas being most polluted. In all, this review provides a quantitative identification of the As, Pb, Cd, and Cr contamination hotspots in Nigeria based on the literature, which may be useful to environmental restorationists and local policy makers. Keywords: heavy metals; metalloids; pollution; industrialization; food; toxicity