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EFFECT OF GINGER BY-PRODUCT MEAL SUPPLEMENTATION WITH ENZYME/PALM OIL ON PERFORMANCE, BLOOD CHEMISTRY AND HISTOPATHOLOGY OF BROILER CHICKENS
ABSTRACT
Three experiments were conducted to evaluate growth, haematological, histopathological and carcass characteristics of chickens fed Ginger By-product Meal (GBM) diets supplemented with enzyme/palm oil. In experiment one, GBM was supplemented with a multi enzyme preparation (Maxigrain©), using 270 broiler chicks allocated to six experimental diets (0, 15 and 30% GBM; 0 and 0.01% enzyme) in a completely randomized design for eight weeks. Birds fed 0% GBM diet performed significantly (p<0.05) better than others. Maxigrain© enzyme did not improve performance of the birds. Serum Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) significantly (p<0.05) increased with enzyme inclusion. The diets had no negative effect on most of the organs except the intestine where there was sloughing of the micro-villi caused by GBM and enzyme. In experiment two, 306 broiler chicks were allocated to six treatments (0, 7.5 and 15% GBM; 0 and 4% palm oil) in CRD. At the starter phase, final weight and weight gain of birds fed 0 and 15% GBM diets were significantly (p<0.05) greater than those fed 7.5% GBM diets. Feed to gain ratio significantly (p<0.05) increased with increase in dietary GBM. Efficiency of feed utilization significantly (p<0.05) increased with addition of palm oil. At the finisher phase, efficiency of feed utilization decreased (p <0.05) significantly with increase in GBM. Palm oil had no significant (p>0.05) effect on performance. At week eight, serum AST was significantly (p<0.05) lower in birds fed 15% GBM diet. Tissue ALT was significantly (p<0.05) higher in birds fed 15% GBM diet. The abdominal fat content of birds fed 0% GBM diet was significantly (p>0.05) greater than others. GBM and palm oil can be included at 7.5% and 4% respectively for starter birds and 15% and 4% respectively for finisher birds. Experiment three was conducted with 405 broiler chicks allocated to 9 dietary treatments (0, 7.5 and 15% GBM; 0, 4 and 6% palm oil) in CRD. At starter phase, final weight and weight gain for birds fed 0% was similar to 7.5 and 15% GBM diets. Feed efficiency of 8 birds fed 0 and 7.5% GBM diets were significantly (p<0.05) greater than those fed 15% GBM diets. Final weight, weight gain and feed to gain ratio of birds fed 0 and 4% palm oil diets were significantly (p<0.05) greater than those fed 6% palm oil diet. Inclusion of GBM and palm oil at 7.5 and 4% respectively significantly improved performance. At week 4, the serum total protein (TP) of birds fed 0 and 15% GBM were significantly (p<0.05) greater than that of birds fed 7.5% GBM. Birds fed 15% GBM diets had significantly (p<0.05) lower serum ALP. Addition of 6% palm oil significantly decreased ALP. At the finisher phase, feed to gain ratio significantly (p<0.05) increased for birds fed 15% GBM diet. The intestinal length and abdominal fat pad of birds fed 4 and 6% palm oil diets was significantly (p<0.05) greater than those fed 0% palm oil diet. Haemoglobin concentration of birds fed 4% palm oil was significantly lower than those fed 6% palm oil. The TP of birds fed 7.5% GBM was significantly (p<0.05) greater than other birds and significantly (p<0.05) increased with palm oil inclusion. The diets had no negative effect on most of the organs except the kidney of birds fed 7.5 and 15% GBM diet supplemented with 4% palm oil that showed congestion. Sloughing of the intestinal micro-villi was observed in all treatments but reduced with palm oil inclusion. The birds fed the control diet performed better than those fed GBM diets with or without enzyme, enzyme did not improve the utilization of GBM. Birds fed 7.5% GBM and 4% palm oil gained more weight than other birds. GBM had no negative effect on the haematological profile of the birds and liver function enzymes hence it is not harmful. GBM decreased the cholesterol content of the plasma of birds at the starter phase. GBM reduced abdominal fat in the carcass. Inclusion of palm oil improved growth performance at the starter phase. Diets of GBM with either palm oil or enzyme induced histopathological changes in the tissues of liver, kidney and intestine associated with dysfunction of these organs.
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