DEVELOPMENT OF BIOGAS FROM ANAEROBIC OR BIODEGRADABLE WASTES

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DEVELOPMENT OF BIOGAS FROM ANAEROBIC OR BIODEGRADABLE WASTES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Biogas is a non-fossil gas which is produced from sewage, municipal solid waste, manure, landfills or food industry waste. Biogas is a mixture of methane (45 – 75%) , carbon dioxide (25 -55%) and other gases such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), nitrogen (N2), hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide(CO) in lower concentrations. For biogas to be flammable the methane content must be ≥ 40%. Apart from methane and carbon dioxide, biogas may also contain small amounts (≤ 3%) of impurities, such as hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, carbon monoxide, and other gases with calorific value of 20MJ/m3.

Akinbami et.al indicated that the identified feedstock substrate for an economically feasible biogas program in Nigeria includes water lettuce, water hyacinth, dung, cassava leaves, urban refuse, solid (including industrial) waste, agricultural residues, and sewage [6]. Usman et.al. inferred that domestic solid waste either blended or not, served as a very good substrate of generating biogas.

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) can be regarded as ‘useless’, unwanted, and discarded materials that resulted from society’s normal or routine daily activities and, in general, may be in solid, liquid, or gaseous form . It is often accompanied by commercial waste, whether solid or semisolid. It also comes in the form of food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, leather, wood, glass, and other household items. In most industrialized nations, from the time wastes are generated, they go through a solid waste chain, consisting of waste handling and separation; storage and processing at source; collection, separation, processing, and transformation of solid wastes; transfer and transport; energy generation; and disposal. This is however not the case in most developing countries. In many parts of the developing world, solid waste disposal is done through dumping and burning without control. These practices pollute land, water, and air.

Although these practices are illegal and their consequences recognized, they persist in both urban and rural areas because of weak law enforcement and limited public sector financial resources. A sustainable solution to this gigantic problem, which affects every populace, is through a more efficient solid waste management [8]. The generation of power and energy from Municipal Solid Waste (though largely dependent on MSW composition) has the propensity to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, to utilize a renewable energy resource, to provide energy diversity; while also ensuring safe, hygienic, and reliable waste disposal practices.

1.2 Statement of the problem

There are various methods of producing biogas but, anaerobic digestion, or methanisation, is the most interesting one. According to Suh and Roussaux [9], it has the least aggressive effect on the environment. The anaerobic micro-organisms use organic pollution (biodegradable organic matter) as substrate to produce biogas which can be exploited according to several forms. Anaerobic digestion consists of sludge fermentation, under strict anaerobic conditions. It is made up of four stages: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis and the methanogenesis

Nsukka metropolis is one of the most populated urban centres in Enugu State, Nigeria with a 2009 population estimate of one hundred thousand , seven hundred, and growing annually at an estimated rate of 3.0% and generating 0.39kg of municipal solid waste per person per day. Nsukka is equally experiencing significant waste-related environmental problems. These problems can be said to have begun in the period when this locality, became rapidly urbanized, and thus generated more solid waste than could be efficiently disposed. MSW is produced daily all over the world, and it is a renewable energy resource with the potential to produce energy via WTE plants while also reducing the volume of waste. WTE can address the twin issues of land use and pollution from landfills and the well established environmental perils of fossil fuels known as greenhouse gas emissions (GHG).

1.3 Objectives of the study

The objective of this study is to assess the biogas potential of Municipal solid waste generated from Nsukka Metropolis. The outcome of this work is beneficial as it would enable policy makers plan and develop policy framework for the utilization of this renewable resource.

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