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AN ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF CORRUPTION ON SECURITY CHALLENGES IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Some of the major challenges or obstacles to the attainment of success in developing countries are the issues of corruption and insecurity. Developing countries have found it difficult to grow economically due to the high levels of corruption and insecurity. This study will attempt to highlight how corruption and insecurity has succeeded in crippling the success of developing countries including Nigeria. One of the greatest threats faced by developing countries is the issue of insurgency such as in Nigeria that is battling with the contemporary terrorist organization popularly identified as Boko Haram rebels. Due to the high levels of insecurity in developing countries, thousands of lives are either lost or the people are forced to relocate fearing their lives might be in danger. On the other hand the menace of corruption has reduced the speed of development in developing countries because funds that are meant for development purposes are either missing or diverted to be used by individuals who hold positions in government and have access to government funds.

As a result of the complexity of corruption, its effects on the systemic existence of its victims as does its prevalence through the efforts of its perpetuators, its definition has continued to be shrouded by value preference and differences (Akindele and Adeyemi, 2011:8). This has to some extent complicated the attainment of a definitional uniformity on the concept within the academia and practicing world of administration. Given this, the elusiveness of the definition of corruption (depending on the definer and perspective) within the parameter of intellectual discourse on Nigerian State and beyond, was eloquently evoked by Yaru quoted in Yelwa, (2011:2) as thus:

“Corruption is a multi-dimensional phenomenon and hence has been defined in multiple ways. Generally, corruption in public sector is simply the abuse of authority by the public officials to make personal gains in the discharge of their official duties. It encompasses activities ranging from bribery, embezzlement, extortion, fraud, favoritism, dishonesty to related illegal or unauthorized behaviors in pursuance of personal objectives”.

According to Otite (1986:12) corruption is: Perversion of integrity or state of affair through bribery, favour or moral depravity. It involves the injection of additional but improper transaction aimed at changing the normal course of events and altering judgments and positions of trust. It consists of doers and receivers’ use of informal, extra-legal or illegal act to facilitate matter.

Olopoenia (1998:17) puts this definition in a broad perspective of three categories as thus: Theoretically, the literature distinguishes among political, bureaucratic and economic corruption; practically however, these three typologies are no more than different perceptions of the same monster. But all these manifestations are motivated by the desire to use the instrumentality of office for private gains for the benefit of the official, his relations, ethnic group or friends at the expenses of the general good.

Nwabueze (2002:128) in his own contribution adopted a sociological approach to the definition of corruption. He conceptualized corruption in the following way: A form of social deviance in some cases, of criminal deviances, the result of failure or lack of will to respect the norms of social interactions. It is an extra-legal approach to gaining access. It is a form of mal-adaptation involving the acceptance of society’s cultural goals and the rejection of the socially approved means of attaining the goals. It is an indictment on the ineffectiveness of society’s socialization function; a sign of some defects in the development of citizen’s personality system. It indicates the existence of weakness in agencies of social control which should punish rather than reward the perpetrator of corruption.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Corruption takes several forms, on one hand, if a public officer embezzles public funds kept in his trust that is corruption. In the same view, if he does unauthorized spending or exceeds approved limits for dubious ends, this is corruption. If he, in deviance of the rules, allocates government land to himself, his wife, his child or friends or otherwise appropriates his position to his or other person’s unfair advantage it is corruption. If he over values a contract so that he could earn a kick-back, this is corruption (Nwabueze, Ibid). A careful examination of the above definition and explanation demonstrate that corruption in developing countries takes two forms namely political and economic. Political corruption is the use of legislative powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain (http://en.wikipedia.org.). From the political point of view, the perpetrators are political office holders, bureaucrats, public servants, the press and the general public. This has stigmatized the image of the government, weakened its credibility and reduced the effectiveness of the development programmes and policies; and also to a great extent, weakens the economy of the nation (Aransi, 2008:63). Economic corruption ravaging the economies of developing countries could be noticed in financial institutions such as banks, the insurance companies and the stock brokers (Aransi, ibid). Corruption is a world- wide phenomenon which has been with societies throughout the history. It has caused political and economic instability in societies and depending on the scale, it has led to social conflict and violence, as competing groups vie for state power which is the source of distribution of resources and other amenities in society (Odunuga 2000:55).

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

To understand the impact of corruption on security challenges in Nigeria
To understand the relationship between corruption on security challenges in Nigeria

RESEARCH QUESTIONS