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EFFECT OF HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS VACCINE AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN IKORODU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF LAGOS STATE
Abstract
The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has been identified as a critical preventive measure against HPV infections, which are responsible for a significant proportion of cervical and other HPV-related cancers. This study examines the effect of HPV vaccine uptake among adolescents in Ikorodu Local Government Area of Lagos State, Nigeria. The study’s objectives include evaluating vaccine coverage, assessing knowledge and attitudes toward the vaccine, and determining the impact of the vaccine on HPV infection rates in this population.
A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative data from surveys and qualitative insights from interviews with healthcare providers, adolescents, and parents. A total of 400 adolescents, aged 12-17, were surveyed to assess their awareness, perceptions, and uptake of the HPV vaccine. Healthcare providers were interviewed to gain insights into the challenges and successes in administering the vaccine.
The findings indicate a low uptake of the HPV vaccine among adolescents in Ikorodu, with only 23% of the surveyed population having received the vaccine. Barriers to vaccination include limited awareness, misconceptions about the vaccine’s safety and efficacy, and logistical challenges in accessing vaccination services. However, those who were vaccinated reported a positive attitude toward the vaccine and expressed willingness to advocate for its benefits among their peers.
Despite low vaccination rates, the study found a trend towards reduced HPV infection rates in the vaccinated group, suggesting that the vaccine is effective in preventing HPV-related diseases. The study emphasizes the need for targeted education campaigns to increase awareness and address misconceptions, as well as the importance of improving access to vaccination services.
In conclusion, the study highlights the potential benefits of the HPV vaccine in reducing HPV infection rates among adolescents in Ikorodu Local Government Area. It recommends concerted efforts from healthcare providers, community leaders, and policymakers to enhance vaccine coverage and maximize the public health impact of the HPV vaccine in the region.
Chapter One:
Introduction
1.0 Background of the Study
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection that can lead to various health problems, including genital warts and cancers, particularly cervical cancer in women. Globally, HPV is a major public health concern due to its high prevalence and the burden of HPV-related cancers. The introduction of the HPV vaccine has provided an opportunity to significantly reduce the incidence of HPV infections and related diseases.
In Nigeria, cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths among women, with HPV as the primary etiological agent. While efforts have been made to introduce the HPV vaccine in certain regions of the country, its uptake remains limited, particularly among adolescents, who are the primary target group for vaccination. This low uptake is attributed to factors such as lack of awareness, cultural beliefs, and limited access to healthcare services.
Ikorodu Local Government Area of Lagos State is a densely populated region with a diverse population, including a significant number of adolescents. Understanding the effect of the HPV vaccine in this area is crucial for informing public health interventions and policies aimed at reducing the burden of HPV-related diseases.
The high prevalence, mode of transmission, association with cervical cancer and availability of effective vaccines all have made Human Papillomavirus (HPV) a significant virus and of public health importance. Cervical cancer is the second most common type of cancer occurring in women worldwide, it has caused the death of about 275,000 women with about 529,000 new cases yearly. More than 80% of these deaths occur in developing countries, where cervical cancer is the leading cause of death in adult females.
In Nigeria, cervical cancer is the most common genital tract malignancy among women. Most of which are caused by HPV. The cancer is usually preceded by a premalignant stage which can be prevented by HPV immunization when appropriate and can be cured if detected early by regular screening. Follow up of abnormal test results have also been recommended. An estimate of 40.43 million women are at risk of developing cervical cancer and the number of women estimated to harbor cervical Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is about 23.7% with over 90% of invasive cervical cancer attributed to HPV subtypes 16 or 18, current estimates also indicates that 14,089 women are diagnosed and 8,240 die from cervical cancer.
HPV 16 and HPV 18 are responsible for 70% of cervical cancer and most non-cervical HPV associated cancers. While HPV infection is the most important risk factor for cervical cancer, other predisposing factors include: early age of sexual activities, early marriage (below 20 years of age), multiple sexual partners, unprotected sex, long term use of hormonal contraceptives, increased number of pregnancies, smoking, and unhygienic practices.
HPV is one of the common sexually transmitted infections implicated in 5% of cancers globally including most cervical cancer cases. In UK, HPV vaccine has been offered routinely to girls aged 11-13 years and cervical cancer screening to women aged 25-64 years since 2008. HPV vaccination offers a unique opportunity for primary prevention of cervical cancer. Two HPV vaccines (Gardasil and Cervarix) protect against the two strains of HPV types 16 and 18, the vaccine is approved and recommended for use in females between 9-26 years of age, and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends ‘catch up vaccination’ for females between 13-26 years of age.
A significant impact has been made on the health and well-being of the world through the different types of life-saving vaccines. There is however the need for a robust public health and primary care partnership in order to continuously achieve national immunization coverage targets and low incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases. Primary care providers detect infectious disease among patients and report same to state or local health departments. This information usually drives public health response. Public health usually works with primary care providers to ensure adequate access to vaccines and provision of healthcare services to individuals, families and the community as a whole. This collaboration and integration of public health and primary care influences and reinforces the capabilities of each entity to deliver critical services. Primary care benefits from public health’s role in policy, population health, health equity and education, while public health benefits from primary care’s ability to provide individual patient assessment, disease management, care coordination, and quality improvement. Most parents follow the advice of their primary health care providers and conform to the national immunization requirements.
HPV has remained prevalent in the United States even with the presence of a safe and effective vaccine with highest risk period in the late adolescence and early adulthood. Therefore, college students have been the target for HPV prevention and vaccination promotion particularly in regions with low vaccination rates.This study assessed the knowledge, attitude, uptake of Human Papillomavirus vaccine and factors influencing uptake among female undergraduates in Lagos State Polytechnic, South west Nigeria.
1.1 Statement of the Problem
Despite the availability of the HPV vaccine, vaccination rates among adolescents in Ikorodu Local Government Area remain low. This underutilization of the vaccine poses a significant risk of HPV transmission and subsequent development of HPV-related diseases. The reasons for low vaccine uptake are multifaceted and may include limited awareness, cultural and religious beliefs, logistical barriers, and misconceptions about the vaccine’s safety and efficacy.
1.2 Research Objectives
The primary objectives of this study are to:
Evaluate the level of awareness and knowledge of the HPV vaccine among adolescents in Ikorodu Local Government Area.
Assess the rate of HPV vaccine uptake and the factors influencing vaccination decisions in this population.
Determine the impact of the HPV vaccine on the prevalence of HPV infections among vaccinated adolescents compared to unvaccinated adolescents.
Investigate the attitudes and perceptions of healthcare providers and parents toward the HPV vaccine and its administration to adolescents.
1.3 Research Questions
The study seeks to answer the following research questions:
What is the level of awareness and knowledge of the HPV vaccine among adolescents in Ikorodu Local Government Area?
What are the rates of HPV vaccine uptake among adolescents in this region?
What factors influence vaccination decisions and attitudes toward the HPV vaccine among adolescents, parents, and healthcare providers?
How effective is the HPV vaccine in reducing the prevalence of HPV infections among vaccinated adolescents compared to unvaccinated adolescents?
1.4 Significance of the Study
This study is significant for several reasons:
Public Health Impact: Understanding the effect of the HPV vaccine among adolescents in Ikorodu can help guide public health strategies to increase vaccination coverage and reduce HPV-related diseases in the area.
Policy Development: The findings can inform policymakers about the current state of HPV vaccination in the region, facilitating the development of targeted interventions and policies to improve vaccine uptake.
Educational Initiatives: By identifying knowledge gaps and misconceptions about the HPV vaccine, the study can contribute to the design of educational campaigns to raise awareness and promote vaccination.
Healthcare Planning: Insights from the study can assist healthcare providers in tailoring vaccination programs and outreach efforts to better serve the adolescent population in Ikorodu.
1.5 Scope and Limitations of the Study
The study focuses on adolescents aged 12-17 in Ikorodu Local Government Area of Lagos State. It evaluates their knowledge, attitudes, and uptake of the HPV vaccine, as well as the impact of vaccination on HPV infection rates. While the study provides valuable insights, its scope is limited to a specific geographic area and age group, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to other regions or age groups in Nigeria.
1.6 Definition of Terms
HPV (Human Papillomavirus): A common sexually transmitted virus that can cause genital warts and is associated with cancers, particularly cervical cancer.
HPV Vaccine: A vaccine designed to protect against certain strains of HPV known to cause health problems such as cervical cancer.
Adolescents: Individuals in the age group of 12-17 years.
Vaccine Uptake: The proportion of the target population that has received the vaccine.
HPV Infection: The presence of HPV in an individual’s body, which may lead to health issues such as warts or cancers.
1.7 Summary
This chapter provides an overview of the study’s background, research objectives, questions, and significance. It establishes the importance of investigating the effect of the HPV vaccine among adolescents in Ikorodu Local Government Area of Lagos State to inform public health strategies and policies aimed at reducing HPV-related diseases. The next chapter will review the existing literature on HPV, its vaccine, and its impact on adolescent populations
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