EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT PRE-TREATMENTS ON THE GERMINATION AND EARLY SEEDLINGS

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EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT PRE-TREATMENTS ON THE GERMINATION AND EARLY SEEDLINGS

Introduction

New initiatives in agro forestry are seeking to promote poverty alleviation and environmental rehabilitation in developing countries through the integration of indigenous trees whose products have been gathered from natural forests into tropical farming system (Hossner and Juo, 1999). Leakey and Simons (2004) showed that one important component of this approach is the domestication of the local tree species that have commercial potentials in local, regional or even international markets.

With rapid population growth, these forest resources are being depleted owing to the increasing demand for forest products (Kayode, 2006). Chandel and Shulka

(2002) also reported that the unprecedented demand for productive land for agriculture use has reduced plant species availability. Deforestation reduces species diversity and erodes the genetic base of the tropical trees, including those vital for the survival of the present generation. In addition, Leakey (1998) suggested that deforestation may leads to disruption of the closed nutrient recycle and severe degradation of natural resources base of the environment.

Leakey (1998) noted that agro-forestry is a more sustainable form of land use that holds a greater potential of improving farm productivity through enhanced soil fertility. In recent years, there had been a growing interest in optimizing the value and role of high value indigenous species in tree based cropping system of West and Central Africa (Tchoundjeu et al., 1999). The development of alley cropping system came as a response to the need to manage soils with poor fertility, thus food crops are grown in the alleys formed by hedgerows of planted trees and shrubs preferably legumes. Acacia auriculiformis with its agro forestry potentials fits into this role.

A. auriculiformis A. Cunn ex. Benth (family – Fabaceae) is a leguminous and multipurpose tree which is found in many tropical zones of Southeast Asia, Africa and Latin America (Das and Alam, 2001; Simons and Leakey,

2004). This plant species grows very fast, with the ability to fix nitrogen, thrive on infertile, acid, alkaline, saline and waterlogged soils (Hossain et al., 1997). Successful use of A. auriculiformis in agro-forestry programme in Africa and Bangladesh has been reported owing to its rapid growth, short rotation and ability to thrive on degradable soil (Amin et al., 1995). A. auriculiformis is a potential plant for erosion control, water conservation and also a source of biomass for fuel generation (Hossain et al., 2009). Domestication of this species and its subsequent integration into the agro ecosystem requires the mass production of its seedlings. Seed dormancy with its attendant poor, slow and difficult germination hampers agro-forestry and afforestation efforts (Zabala, 1991).

This challenge of seed coat imposed dormancy has also being demonstrated by other members of the Acacia generic name; Acacia tortilis (Forsk), Acacia Seyal (Del) and Acacia nilotica (L) (Msanga, 1998; Albrecht, 1993). However, the principal methods used for breaking of seed dormancy in Acacia species has been the use of hot water and mechanical scarification (nicking) (Cervantes et al., 1996; Tadros et al., 2011). Acid scarification is another method of physical scarification which has been found valuable in the breaking of seed dormancy during plantation establishment (Azadet et al., 2006a; Gonçalves et al., 2011; Pipinis et al., 2011). In other words, the use of acid scarification and exposure time in breaking seed dormancy in A. auriculiformis is poorly documented. Hence, this study is conducted to determine the best presowing treatment and time of exposure that can enhance the percentage germination and seedling growth at nursery stages under agro-forestry programme.

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