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LEADERSHIP AND GOOD GOVERNANCE IN NIGERIA:
ISSUES AND PROSPECTS FOR
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE(S)
TITLE PAGE…………….……………………………….. i
CERTIFICATION……………………………………..….. ii
DEDICATION…………………………………………….. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………… iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………….… v -viii
LIST OF TABLES………………………………………… ix
LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………. x
LIST OF ABBREVIATION ………………………………. xi
ABSTRACT……………………………………………….. xii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION PAGE(S)
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY………………………. 1 – 7
STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM…………….. 8 – 9
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY………………………….. 10
HYPOTHESIS/ASSUMPTION…………………………… 12
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY………………………… 12-13
SCOPE OF THE STUDY…………………………………. 13
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY……………………………. 13-14
ENDNOTES ………………………………………………… 15-16
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW PAGE(S)
THE CONCEPT OF FOREIGN POLICY………………. 17 – 18
THE CONCEPT OF NATIONAL INTEREST…………. 18 – 23
THE CONCEPT OF POWER…….…………………….. 28 – 32
THE CONCEPT OF GLOBALISATION…….…………. 32 – 36
ENDNOTES………………………………………………. 37 – 39
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY PAGE(S)
INTRODUCTION………………………………………… 40 – 43
OBJECTIVES OF NIGERIA’S FOREIGN POLICY…… 43-48
NIGERIAN NATIONAL COMPONENT POWERS AS
DETERMINANTS AND INSTRUMENT OF NIGERIAN
FOREIGN POLICY………………………………………. 48-55
NIGERIA’S FOREIGN POLICY IN THE NEW
INTERNATIONAL ORDER ……………………………. 55-62
DEBT CANCELLATION………………………………… 62-65
PROMOTION OF GLOBAL PROSPERITY AND PEACE… 65-68
ENDNOTE..………………………………………………. 69-70
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS PAGE(S)
PROSPECTS OF NIGERIA’S FOREIGN POLICY…….. 71-72
PROBLEMS OF NIGERIA’S FOREIGN POLICY……….. 72-77
FUTURE PROSPECTS OF NIGERIA’S FOREIGN
POLICY……………………………………………………….. 77-81
ENDNOTES………………………………………………… 82
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
PAGE(S)
SUMMARY……………………………………………… 83-85
CONCLUSION …………………………………………. 85- 87
RECOMMENDATIONS ……………………………….. 88 – 94
ANNEX A………………………………………………… A-1 – A-9
ANNEX B………………………………………………… B-1 – B-5
REFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………… 95 –100
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
1. I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my supervising DS, …………………………………………………. for his painstaking effort at correcting my work. I wish to specifically thank my beloved wife ………………………………………………for her support and prayers during this research.
2. I am also grateful to all those who guided my efforts during this study. Above all, I thank the Almighty God for the guidance during the course.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE(S)
TITLE PAGE…..………………………………………………………i
CERTIFICATION..………………………………………………………,ii
DEDICATION,……………………………………………………………iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.………………………………………………..iv
TABLE OF CONTENT.………………………………………………….V-
LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………..
LIST OF ABBREVIATION………………………………………………
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION PAGE (S)
BACKGROUND…………………………………………………………….1-4
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM………………………………………..,4-5
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY……………………………………………….6
REACH HYPOTHESIS………………………………………………………6
SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY……………………………………………..7
SCOPE OF THE STUDY………………………………………………………7
LIMITATION………………………………………………………………………………….……8
ENDNOTES…………………………………………………………………….9
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW PAGE (S)
Leadership…………………………………………………………………11
Good Governance…………………………………………………………12
Relationship between Leadership and Good Governance…………….…..14
Indicators of Good Governance…………………………………………..14
Theoretical Framework……………………………………………………15
Review of Existing Literature…………………………………………….16
Notes………………………………………………………………………19
CHAPTER 3
APPRAISAL OF LEADERSHIP AND GOOD
GOVERNANCE IN NIGERIA
Overview of Leadership and Good Governance in Nigeria since Independence……………………………………………………………..21
Effects of Leadership on Good Governance in the First Decade
of Nigeria’s Fourth Republic……………………………………………..23
Voice and Accountability…………………………………………………24
Rule of Law……………………………………………………………….26
Political Stability…………………………………………………………27
Government Effectiveness……………………………………………….28
Control of Corruption…………………………………………………….29
Presentation and Analysis of Surveyed Data………..……………………31
Breakdown of Respondents’ Details……………………………………..31
Data Presentation and Analysis…………………………………………..31
Summary of Findings…………………………………………………….34
Issues Associated with Leadership and Good Governance in Nigeria …..35
Political Issues……………………………………………………………35
Economic Issues………………………………………………………….38
Social Issues………………………………………………………………41
Notes……………………………………………………………………..42
CHAPTER 4
CHALLENGES, PROSPECTS AND STRATEGIES ASSOCIATED WITH LEADERSHIP AND GOOD GOVERNANCE IN NIGERIA
Challenges…………………………………………………………………47
Prospects………………………………………………………………….51
Strategies…………………………………………………………………..53
Notes………………………………………………………………………57
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion………………………………………………………………58
Recommendations………………………………………………………60
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books……………………………………………………………………61
Periodicals/Journals……………………………………………………..62
Official Publications…………………………………………………….62
Unpublished Materials…………………………………………………..63
Newspapers/Magazines…………………………………………………63
Internet Sources…………………………………………………………64
Interviews……………………………………………………………….65
Television Interviews..………………………………………………….66
Appendices………………………………………………………………66
GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS
CFRN – Constitution of the Federal Republic of
Nigeria.
CSOs – Civil Society Organizations.
DP Due Process.
EFCC – Economic and Financial Crimes Commission.
EU – European Union.
EVS Electronic Voting System.
FACC – Federation Account.
FDIs – Foreign Direct Investments.
FGN – Federal Government of Nigeria.
FRN Federal Republic of Nigeria.
HDI – Human Development Index.
ICPC – Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission.
IIAG – Ibrahim Index of African Governance.
INEC – Independent National Electoral Commission.
LG Local Government.
LGA – Local Government Area.
MDAs – Ministries, Departments and Agencies.
NASS – National Assembly.
NCE – National Certificate of Education.
ND – Niger Delta.
NOA – National Orientation Agency.
OND – Ordinary National Diploma.
PDP – People’s Democratic Party.
PEPs – Politically Exposed Persons.
PLC – Private Limited Company.
PPP – Public Private Partnership.
SER – Serial.
SNF – Special National Fund.
SNG – Save Nigeria Group.
UK – United Kingdom.
UN – United Nations.
UNDP – United Nations Development Programme.
UNDP-HDI – United Nations Development Programme-Human Development Index.
USA – United States of America.
USAID – United States Agency for International
Development.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE(S)
Title Page .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. i
Certification .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ii
Dedication .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. iii
Acknowledgement .. .. .. .. .. .. .. iv
Table of Contents .. .. .. .. .. .. .. iv – ix
List of Tables . .. .. .. .. .. .. …. x
Glossary of Terms .. .. .. .. .. .. .. xi – xii
Abstract .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. xiii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION PAGE(S)
Background of the study .. …. .. .. .. .. 1 – 3
Statement of the Problem .. …. .. .. .. .. 3 – 5
Objectives of the Study .. .. .. .. .. .. 5
Hypothesis .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6
Significance of the Study .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 – 7
Scope … .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7
Methodology .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 – 8
Limitations .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 – 9
Assumptions .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9
Endnotes .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW PAGE(S)
The Concept of Begging .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 – 13
The Almajiri System of Education .. .. .. .. 13
The Concept of Disability .. … .. .. .. .. 14
The Concept of Rehabilitation .. .. .. .. .. 14 – 15
Medical Aspects .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 – 17
Political and Administrative Implications .. .. .. 17 – 19
Sociological Aspects .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 20 – 21
Economic Aspects .. .. …. .. .. .. 21 – 23
Overview of Existing Literature .. .. .. .. .. 23 – 24
Endnotes .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 25 – 26
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY PAGE(S)
Research Methodology . .. .. .. .. .. 27
Research Design .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27
Area of Study .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27 – 28
Research Population .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 28
Sample and Sampling Procedure .. .. .. .. .. 28
Instrument of Data Collection .. .. .. .. .. 28 – 29
Validations of the Instrument .. .. .. .. .. 30
Method of Data Collection . .. .. .. .. .. 30
Method of Data Analysis .. .. .. .. .. .. 30
Weakness of Methodology .. .. .. .. .. .. 31
References .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 32
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION ANALYSIS AND CASE STUDY OF MARIRI REHABILITATION CENTRE
PAGE(S)
Data Presentation .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 33 – 34
Data Analysis .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 34 – 37
Oral Interview .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 38 – 39
A Case Study of Mariri Rehabilitation Centre Kano .. 40 – 41
Method of Admission .. .. .. .. .. .. 41 – 42
Daily Maintenance .. .. .. .. .. .. 43 – 44
Training Programme .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 44 – 45
Infrastructures .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 45
Recreational Facilities .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 45 – 46
Summary of Findings .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 46 – 47
Endnotes .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. 48
CHAPTER FIVE
SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS
PAGE(S)
Rehabilitating the Inevitable Beggars .. .. .. .. 49 – 53
Rehabilitating the Compulsive Beggars .. .. .. 53 – 54
Rehabilitating the Almajirai .. .. .. .. .. .. 54 – 56
General Rehabilitation Programmes.. .. .. .. .. 56 – 58
Endnotes .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 59
CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
PAGE(S)
Conclusion .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 60 – 62
Recommendations .. .. .. .. .. 63 – 65
Bibliography .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 66 – 68
Annex A .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. A-1 – A- 3
Annex B .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. B-1 – B-2
LIST OF TABLES
| Serial | Title of Table | Page No |
| (a) | (b) | (c) |
| Distribution of beggars by age | 34 | |
| Distribution of beggars by sex | 35 | |
| Distribution of beggars by marital status | 36 | |
| Distribution of beggars by expected income | 36 | |
| Distribution of beggars by category | 37 |
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Some key terminologies that would facilitate understanding of the study are given some working definitions.
1. Almajirai. Pupils who left their homes to acquire the Islamic education under the tutelage of a Qur’anic teacher, called Mallam. The term has become associated with children who beg for alms.
2. Almajirinci. The act of begging by the Almajirai.
3. Bara. Hausa word for the act of begging for alms by the Almajarai.
4. Beggars. Beggars include persons who may or may not have any disability, but resort to begging (refusing to engage in any self-reliant productive venture) so as to get money.
5. Begging. Begging involves the act of seeking or asking for alms/property from someone usually by a person in need or who is apparently in need.
6. Families. Group of parents and children; all those persons descended from a common ancestor. It is a universal social group which exists in every society. It is a group of persons united by ties of marriage, blood or adoption in a single household and sharing a common culture.
7. Zakka. Zakka is one of the 5 pillars (belief on the oneness of Allah, 5 daily prayers, fasting in the month of Ramadan, Zakkat and Pilgrimage to Makkah) of Islam. Zakkat is an Arabic word for purity. By inference it means the giving of alms from one’s wealth to kin and or the needy in order to attain spiritual purity.
ABSTRACT
1. The phenomenon of leadership and good governance has assumed greater interest in Africa. With the return of democratic governance to Nigeria, the study of the relationship between leadership and good governance for national development has become an imperative. The study looks at the challenges and prospects associated with leadership and good governance in Nigeria within the first decade of the Fourth Republic.
2. The study discovered that political leadership has been seriously constrained by corruption, electoral fraud, mismanagement of resources and poor infrastructural development. The study discovered the following challenges as hampering the institutionalization of good governance in Nigeria: delayed prosecution of corrupt officials and lack of grassroots development. Others are abuse of the electoral process, insecurity, negative orientation to governance and lack of patriotic politicians. The strategies proffered by the study to mitigate the challenges include; introduction of electronic voting system and proving of human and material security. Others are removal of immunity clause on political office holders and national re-orientation.
3. The field survey method and secondary analysis were used for the study. The field survey method was to obtain public perception on the subject matter using open ended questionnaires and unstructured interviews. The questionnaires were administered to respondents within the public and private sector as well as to students. The data obtained were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively to determine how leadership can be directed towards ensuring good governance in Nigeria for national development.
CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The quest for quality leadership and good governance is the aspiration of citizens in most countries of the world. This is because the task of harnessing scarce resources in pursuit of human and national development is related to the quality and output of leadership (Richardson, 2008, P.3). The history of the development of great nations suggests that versatile leaders played a vital role in the transformation of their societies through good governance. Thus, the quality of citizens’ life and the overall development of a nation is a reflection of governance in the nation.
In United States of America (USA) for example, Abraham Lincoln stands out because of the courageous leadership he displayed during the 1861-1865 American Civil War (Norton, <http://home.att.net/rjnorton/Lincoln87.html>).This led to the preservation of the Union, vindication of democracy and abolition of slavery. These great feats were achieved by determination in pursuit of a more perfect and equal Union (Ibid, P.17). Lincoln eventually left a legacy being upheld in the USA till date as a good model of democracy and enduring governance.
Similarly, the unification of East and West Germany could be
credited to Otto Von Bismarck, one of the most significant political figures in German history. His efforts were fast-tracked by Chancellor Helmut Kohl, who ensured the enthronement of a federal system of government in a unified Federal Republic of Germany in 1990 (Germany, http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country-studies/germany/Government.html). This was considered cardinal to a stable constitutional democracy and good governance in the Country.
In China, Mao Tse-Tung set the stage that transformed China from a peasant economy to a major economic giant in the world. As a visionary leader, his primary goals were to catch up and surpass the rest of the world in economy, sports, science, technology and defence. Today, China is the fastest growing economy in the world with an average annual growth rate of about 9 percent in the last 2 decades (Chow and Li, 1952-2010).These accounts demonstrate that with visionary leadership and good governance, a nation could experience remarkable improvement and success in its overall development.
The continent of Africa has also produced visionary leaders who have contributed positively in the development of their countries. Nelson Mandela of South Africa holds sway as one of the greatest figures of black emancipation with his history of anti-apartheid struggle. Eventually, he was honored as the first democratically elected President of South Africa in 1994 (Mandela, 1994, Pp. 746-747).His exemplary leadership symbolizes the struggle of oppressed people around the world. He was able to steer South Africa towards sustainable development and good governance ideals, epitomized by smooth political transition.
In our country, issues of leadership and good governance have been of great concern since attainment of independence in 1960. Despite abundant human and natural resources, corruption and mismanagement of public wealth have hampered the pursuit of national development in the Country (http://www.nationencyclopedia.com/economies/Africa/Nigeria.overviewofteheconomy.htm.). Most Nigerian leaders are accused of lacking the requisite vision, passion and character for political leadership (Dike, 2009). The consequence is that despite Nigeria rich resource endowment, she has consistently ranked low in various international assessments on human development and good governance.
The United Nations Development Programme Human Development Index (UNDP-HDI) in its 2007/2008 report ranked Nigeria 158 out of 177 countries (New Partnership for Africa’s Development, 2008, P.67). Nigeria was also ranked 11 out of 16 in West Africa in the 2009 Ibrahim Index of African Governance (IIAG) (Obi, http://www.businessday). It is estimated that about 70 percent of 150 million Nigerians live below poverty level of less than one US Dollar per day (Nnebe, 1999-2007 Vol.2, P).These low economic and development indices have been attributed to poor leadership and absence of good governance in Nigeria.
In this context, the leadership question’ vis-à-vis good governance has generated series of topical discussions at different policy and academic fora. This research is, therefore, motivated by the quest to address the question of leadership and its implication on good governance in Nigeria for national development. Thus, with a view to proffering measures that would strengthen leadership and ensure good governance in the country.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Since 1960, Nigeria has experienced persistent crisis associated with political leadership which has adversely affected the outcome of governance. Issues like problems of corruption, mismanagement of resources, coups and counter coups, etc have frustrated and diminished the process and outcome of governance. Consequently, many Nigerians lack access to basic health care, quality education, potable water, electricity and other basic necessities of modern life (Dike, 2009). Human and group rights are threatened resulting in the growing worry and loss of confidence by the citizenry in the Country’s political leadership.
Today, Nigeria lags behind in various indicators of good governance and global development trends (Ouagwu, 2002, P.99). This has equally affected the country’s external image among other nations. In view of the above problems, this research will address the following questions:
a. What is the relationship between leadership and good governance?
b. What are the effects of leadership on good governance in Nigeria since 1999?
c. What are the perceptions of political leadership since the return to democracy in 1999?
d. What are the issues associated with leadership and good governance in Nigeria?
e. Has political leadership provided good governance for national development?
f. What are the prospects associated with leadership and good governance in Nigeria towards national development?
g. What are the factors that affect the quality of leadership and good governance since independence?
h. What are the expectations on political leadership and good governance for national development?
i. What strategies can be adopted to ensure that leadership facilitates good governance for national development in Nigeria?
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objective of this study is to examine the effects of leadership on good governance in Nigeria for national development. Thus, with a view to identifying the issues, challenges, prospects, strategies etc associated with leadership and governance in Nigeria.
The specific objectives are to:
a. Establish the relationship between leadership and good governance.
b. Determine the effects of leadership on good governance in Nigeria since 1999.
c. Establish the perceptions of political leadership since the return to democracy in 1999.
d. Establish the issues associated with leadership and good governance in Nigeria.
e. Whether political leadership provided good governance for national development.
f. Establish the prospects associated with leadership and good governance in Nigeria towards national development.
g. Establish the factors that affect the quality of leadership and good governance since independence.
h. Establish the expectations on political leadership and good governance for national development.
i. Proffer strategies that can be adopted to ensure leadership facilitates good governance for national development in Nigeria.
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
The study attempts to make the following assumptions:
a. There is a strong nexus between leadership style and good governance.
b. That democracy engenders good governance.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The importance of this study to Nigeria cannot be over-emphasized. It would be significant for policy and academic purposes. It would aid political elite and policy makers at federal, state and local government levels on issues affecting leadership and good governance in the country. The study would help in citizenship training of the Media, Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), students and indeed the entire Nigerian populace. It would be relevant to the academia as a useful reference material and a catalyst that would stimulate further studies on the subject.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The effects of political leadership on good governance for national development have permitted national discourse since independence especially between 1999 and 2010. The time frame was chosen to enable the researcher examine the effects of leadership on governance in Nigeria within democratic dispensation in the ongoing Fourth Republic. However, reference was made to some recent events on Nigeria’s political landscape that have bearing on the subject matter.
1.7 LIMITATIONS
This research work was impaired by some limitations. The key limitations were that some individual earmarked for interview could not be reached due to their tight schedules. Also, certain data could not be obtained from some offices due to official restrictions or lack of such data. However, available secondary data were utilized to ensure that the objectives of the research are realized. Although, the data used were from reputable sources, the authenticity of their findings might not be insulated from bias.
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